James D. Gwartney holds the Gus A. Stavros Eminent Scholar Chair at Florida State University, where he directs the Stavros Center for the Advancement of Free Enterprise and Economic Education. His research has focused on the measurement and determination of factors that influence cross-country differences in income levels and growth rates. In this regard, he is the co-author of the annual report, Economic Freedom of the World, which provides information on the consistency of institutions and policies with economic freedom for 144 countries. This data set is widely used by scholars investigating topics ranging from economic growth to peaceful relations among nations. Gwartney is also well known for his work as an economic educator and his co-authorship of the popular textbook Economics: Private and Public Choice, now in its 14th edition. His Ph.D. in economics is from the University of Washington, where he studied under 2008 Upton Scholar Douglass North.